Map of Hohokam and neighboring cultures, circa 1350 Therefore, the archaeological term Hohokam should not be confused with huhugam, the reverence of ancestors and descendants. Similarly, in the 1970s, archaeologist Hardy translated the O'odham word huhugam to mean "that which has perished." However, huhugam refers to past human life and not to objects such as ruins. He applied the existing O'odham term for the culture, huhu-kam, in its common mistranslation as "all used up" or "those who are gone", to classify the remains that he was excavating in the Lower Gila Valley. Gladwin differentiated Hohokam culture from others in the region. The spellings are commonly thought to be interchangeable, but they have different meanings. There are several official spelling variants for the name, including Hobokam, Huhugam, and Huhukam. Nevertheless, Hohokam are one of the four major cultures of the American Southwest and Northern Mexico, according to Southwestern archaeology. Other archaeologists prefer to identify ancient Arizona as part of the Oasisamerica tradition and instead call Hohokam the Oasisamericans. European-American settlers later infilled some canals, while others renovated, as with the Mormon pioneers settling the Lehi area of Mesa near Red Mountain.Īccording to the National Park Service, the word Hohokam is borrowed from the O'odham language, and is used by archaeologists to identify groups of people who lived in the Sonoran Desert. When Hohokam society collapsed, the dirt canals fell into disrepair. The original canals were dirt ditches and required routine maintenance those currently in use are lined with concrete. A portion of the ancient canals has been renovated for the Salt River Project and helps to supply the city's water. Their canal network in the Phoenix metropolitan area was the most complex in the pre-contact Western Hemisphere. In modern-day Phoenix, the Hohokam are recognized for their large-scale irrigation networks. Despite cultural exchange at trade centers, self-sufficiency and local resources were emphasized. The harshness of the Sonoran Desert may have been the most influential factor on the society. Some communities established significant markets, such as that in Snaketown. Hohokam societies received a remarkable amount of immigration. Hohokam settlements were located on trade routes that extended past the Hohokam area, as far east as the Great Plains and west to the Pacific coast. Most archaeologists either argue it emerged locally or in Mesoamerica, but it was also influenced by the Northern Pueblo culture. According to local oral tradition, Hohokam societies may be the ancestors of the historic Pima and Tohono O'odham peoples in Southern Arizona. Archaeologists disagree about whether communities that practiced the culture were related or politically united. It existed between 3 AD, with cultural precursors possibly as early as 300 BC. Hohokam ( / h oʊ h oʊ ˈ k ɑː m/) was a culture in the North American Southwest in what is now part of Arizona, United States, and Sonora, Mexico. To learn more, see the privacy policy.The Great House at the Casa Grande Ruins National Monument Please note that Related Words uses third party scripts (such as Google Analytics and advertisements) which use cookies. Special thanks to the contributors of the open-source code that was used to bring you this list of term themed words: Concept Net, WordNet, and is still lots of work to be done to get this to give consistently good results, but I think it's at the stage where it could be useful to people, which is why I released it. You will probably get some weird results every now and then - that's just the nature of the engine in its current state. related words - rather than just direct synonyms.Īs well as finding words related to other words, you can enter phrases and it should give you related words and phrases, so long as the phrase/sentence you entered isn't too long. These algorithms, and several more, are what allows Related Words to give you. Another algorithm crawls through Concept Net to find words which have some meaningful relationship with your query. The vectors of the words in your query are compared to a huge database of of pre-computed vectors to find similar words. One such algorithm uses word embedding to convert words into many dimensional vectors which represent their meanings. Related Words runs on several different algorithms which compete to get their results higher in the list.
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